Tunnel Lining
With double-shell lining, there is a constructiveand functional separation of the individual shells. The outer shell, which is designed to resist the ground pressures to be expected and installed during the excavation, provides immediate support for the excavated cavity. The outer shell is not normally required to be service able and is not designed to be waterproof. This is provided by the second shell, which is installed in the usable tunnel and forms the permanent lining.
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